热泵是一种加热和冷却系统，以其多功能性和效率而受欢迎。它们与标准的空调单元不同，“热泵”一词有时用于几种类型的HVAC系统。因此，在这篇文章中乐售地产团队的阿刚来为您解答以下问题：
Heat pumps are a type of heating and cooling system that are popular for their versatility and efficiency. They’re different than standard air conditioning units, and the term ‘heat pump’ is sometimes used a catch-all for several types of HVAC systems. So, for this post we’ll aim to answer questions like:
- 什么是热泵？What is a heat pump?
- 热泵系统与标准空调有何不同？ How are heat pump systems different than standard air conditioners?
- 哪些不同类型的热泵？What are some different types of heat pumps?
什么是热泵？What is a Heat Pump?
简而言之，热泵是使用制冷剂循环提供加热和冷却功能的HVAC系统 。这些系统可根据模式将热量泵 入或远离空间。
查看有关标准制冷周期组件的博客，以了解更多上下文/背景。
In short, a heat pump is an HVAC system that uses the refrigerant cycle to provide both heating and cooling functions. These systems work to pump heat either into or away from a space, depending on the mode.
Check out our blog on the components of a standard refrigeration cycle for some more context/background.
但是，无论是在住宅，商业或大型工业应用中使用的热泵，其功能都是相同的 – “泵送”热量进入或远离空间。此外，热泵部分很受欢迎，部分原因是，一旦将热量移出空间，就可以将其用于加热家用热水（DHW）或地板内部水力系统等功能。热泵还用于工业应用中，以减少浪费的热能，并有助于提高整体效率。
But whether a heat pump is being used in a residential, commercial, or large-scale industrial application, its function is the same – “pumping” heat into or away from a space. Moreover, heat pumps are popular, in part, because once that heat is moved out of a space it can be used for functions like heating domestic hot water (DHW) or in-floor hydronic systems. Heat pumps are also used in industrial applications to reduce wasted thermal energy and contribute to improved overall efficiency.
热泵系统与标准空调有何不同？
How are Heat Pump Systems Different Than Standard Air Conditioners?
有时两者有时会互换使用，一个热泵和空调不一定是同一件事。两者都使用制冷循环，但在一个模式的A/C单元中，制冷剂仅在一个方向上行驶。在热泵系统中，该流动是可逆的，可以根据需要在加热和冷却功能之间交替。但是这样做有一些热泵需要的一些专业组件，其中两个例子是：
While the two are sometimes used interchangeably, a heat pump and an air conditioner aren’t necessarily the same thing. Both utilize the refrigeration cycle, but in a one-mode A/C unit, the refrigerant only ever travels in one direction. In heat pump systems, that flow is reversible, allowing the system to alternate between heating and cooling functions as needed. But to do so there are some specialized components that a heat pump needs, two examples of which are:
- 倒车阀 The reversing valve
- 检查阀 Check valves
倒车阀 The Reversing Valve
为了使热泵能够在加热和冷却模式之间切换，系统的制冷剂的流动必须是可逆的。那是倒车阀进来的地方。还称为四向阀，根据其环境，倒车阀将制冷剂转移到了周期中的下一个组件上。
For a heat pump to be able to switch between heating and cooling modes, the flow of the system’s refrigerant must be reversible. That’s where the reversing valve comes in. Also called a four-way valve, the reversing valve diverts refrigerant to the next component in the cycle according to its setting.
在加热模式下，风扇在外部线圈上吹出空气，空气的热能被吸收到线圈管中的制冷剂中。然后将制冷剂通过反向阀发送，因为它处于加热模式，将低压气体制冷剂引导到压缩机。
In heating mode, fans blow outside air across the outside coil and the air’s thermal energy is absorbed into the refrigerant within the coil’s tubes. The refrigerant is then sent through the reversing valve, which – because it’s in heating mode – directs the low-pressure gaseous refrigerant to the compressor.
制冷剂将压缩机作为高压，高温蒸气。然后，它进入室内线圈，那里的空间较冷的空气在其上流过，这会加热空间并将制冷剂凝结到液体中。然后，液体制冷剂流向系统的热膨胀阀（TXV），在该系统膨胀到气体，然后再发送到室外线圈并重新启动周期。
The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a high-pressure, high-temperature vapor. It then goes to the indoor coil, where the cooler air in the space flows across it, which heats the space and condenses the refrigerant to liquid as it does so. The liquid refrigerant then flows to the system’s thermal expansion valve (TXV), where it expands to a gas before being sent across the outdoor coil and restarting the cycle.
在冷却模式下，气态，高压制冷剂离开压缩机并进入反向阀，该阀可将制冷剂流动到室外线圈。在那里，热量从制冷剂中排入环境环境，将制冷剂凝结成在此过程中的高压，低温液体。
In cooling mode, gaseous, high-pressure refrigerant leaves the compressor and enters the reversing valve, which is positioned to divert the refrigerant flow to the outdoor coil. There, heat is expelled from the refrigerant into the ambient environment, condensing the refrigerant to a high-pressure, low-temperature liquid in the process.
接下来，制冷剂前往TXV，在进入室内线圈作为两相混合物之前，其压力和温度会降低。制冷剂在室内线圈中的行程完成了从液体变为气体的相变，因为室内温暖空间的能量被吸收到制冷剂中并冷却该区域。
Next, the refrigerant heads to the TXV where its pressure and temperature are reduced before entering the indoor coil as a two-phase mixture. The refrigerant’s trip through the indoor coil completes the phase change from liquid to gas as energy from the warmer indoor space is absorbed into the refrigerant and the area is cooled.
接下来，制冷剂通过反向阀发送回到过程中重复的压缩机。在热泵的加热周期中，室内线圈本质上是系统的冷凝器，室外线圈起着蒸发器的作用。
Next, the refrigerant is sent back through the reversing valve and into the compressor where the process repeats. In a heat pump’s heating cycle, the indoor coil essentially serves as the system’s condenser and the outdoor coil plays the role of the evaporator.
倒阀的复杂性范围很大，但是“逆转”功能是对它们的主要了解。上面显示了4向倒车阀的一个示例。数字控制的螺线管有助于其开放和关闭。 YouTube频道“工程心态”具有出色的视频，可以更详细地解释倒车。
Reversing valves can range in complexity, but that ‘reversing’ function is the main thing to know about them. An example of a 4-way reversing valve is shown above. A digital-controlled solenoid facilitates its opening and closing. The YouTube channel “The Engineering Mindset” has an excellent video that explains reversing valves in greater detail.
检查阀 Check Valves
有时热泵系统有两个TXV。一个用于加热模式，另一个用于冷却。为了确保制冷剂仅通过其中一个，止回阀像铁路开关一样工作，将制冷剂引导通过TXV或根据模式绕过它。下图显示了两个止回阀的示例：秋千止回阀（顶部）和一个弹簧的品种。
Sometimes heat pump systems have two TXVs; one used in heating mode and the other for cooling. To ensure the refrigerant only passes through one of them, the check valve works like a railroad switch, directing refrigerant either through the TXV or bypassing it depending on the mode. Two examples of check valves are pictured below: A swing check valve (top) and a spring-loaded variety.
哪些不同类型的热泵？
What are Some Different Types of Heat Pumps?
现在，我们已经介绍了什么是热泵以及它们的一些独特组件，让我们谈谈一些常见品种。有几种热泵系统，所有这些都执行相同的功能，但以不同的方式执行。一些更常见的配置是：
Now that we’ve covered what heat pumps are and some of their unique components, let’s talk about some common varieties. There are several kinds of heat pump systems, all of which execute the same functions, but in different ways. Some of the more common configurations are:
- 空气到空气热泵 Air to air heat pumps
- 空气到水热泵 Air to water heat pumps
- 地热热泵 Geothermal heat pumps
空气到空气热泵 Air to Air Heat Pumps
气源热泵也称为空气热泵系统，具有非常简单的设计。他们接入外部空气，并使用标准制冷循环来调节空气冷却或加热空间。
Also called air source heat pumps, air to air heat pump systems have a very simple design. They take in outside air and, using the standard refrigeration cycle, condition that air to either cool or heat a space.
由于效率和多功能性，空气到空气热泵在适度的气候下非常受欢迎。当您听到“热泵”时，这些系统可能会想到这些系统，并且您的房屋很有可能具有类似的功能。上图显示了一个典型的住宅热泵系统，下图是公寓楼的商业热泵。
Air to air heat pumps are very popular for residential and small commercial applications in moderate climates due to their efficiency and versatility. It’s likely these are the kinds of systems that come to mind when you hear “heat pump,” and it’s quite possible that your home features something similar. The diagram above shows a typical residential heat pump system and the picture below is a commercial heat pump at an apartment building.
空气到水热泵 Air to Water Heat Pumps
空气到水热泵系统的运行方式与它们的空对空同行非常相似。但是，与其从外部空气中吸收热量以加热气流，而是使用冷水泵使用制冷周期来 操纵流体流的温度。
Air to water heat pump systems function in a manner very similar to their air-to-air counterparts. But, instead of drawing in heat from the outside air to heat an airstream, air to water heat pumps use the refrigeration cycle to manipulate the temperature of a fluid stream.
在加热模式下，通过制冷剂的标准压缩/膨胀从凉爽的外部空气中提取热能，并转移到流体流中 – 通常是水或甘油/水混合物。然后将热水路由整个建筑物，用于供暖，家用热水或其他有用的功能。在冷却模式下，该过程在倒置中，热能从外部空气转移到流体流中，该流通过制冷循环冷却，吸收的热量被排出外面。
In heating mode, thermal energy is extracted from the cool outside air through the standard compression/expansion of a refrigerant and transferred to a fluid stream – usually water or a glycol/water mix. That hot water is then routed throughout the building where it’s used for space heating, domestic hot water, or some other useful function. That process in inverted when in cooling mode, with thermal energy transferring from the outside air into a fluid stream, which is chilled via the refrigeration cycle and the absorbed heat is expelled outside.
地热热泵 Geothermal Heat Pumps
在深度大于15-20英尺处，地壳全年保持相当一致的温度。地面源热泵（GSHP）（也称为接地耦合热泵或地热热泵）是使用该热能的闭环系统。
At depths greater than 15-20 feet, the earth’s crust maintains a fairly consistent temperature year-round. Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) – also known as ground-coupled heat pumps or geothermal heat pumps – are closed-loop systems that make use of that thermal energy.
GSHP具有埋在地球内的热交换器（或地理环），如下图中的图，并连接到结构内部的热泵的其余部分。丙烯乙二醇溶液通常用作工作液，因为与乙二醇相比，其对环境的影响较小。
GSHPs feature a heat exchanger (or geo loop) buried within the earth like in the diagram below and connected to the rest of the heat pump’s components located inside the structure. A propylene glycol solution is often used as the working fluid because of its lesser impact on the environment compared to ethylene glycol.
在加热模式下，来自地球的热能被吸收到地理环内的流体中。这增加了工作流体的温度，但不足以满足负载需求。然后将半加热的流体混合物发送到系统的蒸发器中，启动蒸气压缩/膨胀周期，从而将流体加热到可用于加热空间或水的点。
In heating mode, thermal energy from the earth is absorbed into the fluid within the geo loop. This increases the working fluid’s temperature, but not enough to meet the load requirement. The semi-heated fluid mixture is then sent inside to the system’s evaporator, kick starting the vapor compression/expansion cycle, which heats the fluid to the point that it can be used to heat space or water.
在冷却模式下，结构的温暖空气通过地理环发送，在将其恢复到室内热泵之前，地球的凉爽温度会调节液体。在那里，制冷周期用于提取满足系统需求所需的剩余能量。地理环可以埋在地下，淹没在地下水中，也可以连接到井或其他水源。涉及水的地热热泵通常称为水源热泵，但系统功能和组件是相同的。
In cooling mode, warm air from the structure is sent through the geo loop where the earth’s cooler temperatures condition the fluid before returning it to indoor heat pump. There, the refrigeration cycle is used to extract the remaining energy needed to meet the system requirement. The geo loop can be buried in the ground, submerged in ground water, or connected to a well or some other water source. Geothermal heat pumps that involve water are often referred to as water source heat pumps, but the system function and componentry are the same.
虽然地热热泵的前期成本相当多，但安装后它们效率非常高。这样的系统的输出能量明显超过其提供的能量并不少见，并且性能系数（COPS）高达4：1。
While geothermal heat pumps come with quite a bit of upfront cost, they’re remarkably efficient once installed. It’s not uncommon for such systems to output significantly more energy than is put into them, with coefficients of performance (COPs) as high as 4:1 being fairly typical.
超级散热器线圈如何帮助 How Super Radiator Coils Can Help
在过去的几十年中，热泵受益于一些巨大的创新。这些高效系统的优势是其中一些最多样化的系统，能够有效地为从轻商业到工业的一系列应用。而且，如果您是一家热泵制造商，正在寻找专业的线圈合作伙伴来帮助您推动效率信封，请随时伸出援手。
Heat pumps have benefitted from some tremendous innovation over the last few decades. And the advantages of these high-efficiency systems are some of the most diverse out there, capable of effectively serving a range of applications from light commercial to industrial. And if you’re a heat pump manufacturer looking for an expert coil partner to help you push the efficiency envelope, feel free to reach out.
我们的热泵体验会深入，我们的制冷剂性能信息数据库与它们一样全面。从标准的热泵制冷剂（如R-410）到二氧化碳（例如CO2），让我们一起工作以最大程度地提高单元的效率。
Our heat pump experience runs deep and our database of refrigerant performance information is as comprehensive as they come. From standard heat pump refrigerants like R-410 to more uncommon ones like CO2, let’s work together to maximize the efficiency of your units.
